On May 22, the Supreme Court in Kousisis, et al., v. United States,[1] affirmed the convictions of a painting subcontractor and its owner (defendants) under the federal wire fraud statute for conspiring to defraud the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) by exploiting the DOT’s disadvantaged business enterprise (DBE) program in connection with two Philadelphia construction projects.[2] As explained below, the Court resolved a divide among the circuits over the validity of a federal fraud conviction where the defendant did not seek to cause the victim net pecuniary loss. The Court held that where a fraudster seeks to induce the government into a transfer of its money or property, that loss is sufficient to sustain a fraud conviction, regardless of whether the government has suffered pecuniary loss.